American Black Bear
Ursus americanus

Also known as the cinnamon bear, the American black bear is a common bear whose color varies from black to yellow-brown.

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The black bear is an opportunistic feeder, but not an avid predator. The bulk of its diet is made up of plants. (Photo courtesy Alex Lamoreaux/iNaturalist CC BY-NC)

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Appearance

The American black bear has a head and body five to six feet in length and stands two to three feet tall at its shoulders. The male weighs between 130 and 350 pounds, but can be as large as 600 pounds, while the female weighs 90 to 175 pounds.

The bear's color varies from black to cinnamon or yellow-brown with a small patch of white often present on its chest. Some populations along the Pacific coast have blue fur, and about 10 percent of black bears in British Columbia have a white coat. It has a brown face with small, rounded ears. It has a short tail which is largely hidden in its long fur. The bear has short claws that are helpful for climbing.

Feeding

The American black bear is an opportunistic feeder, but not an active predator. The black bear will eat forms of carrion (dead and decaying flesh), but the bulk of its diet is made up of plants. It feeds on berries, nuts, roots, insects and insect larvae, fish, small mammals, eggs, honey, birdseed, carrion and garbage.

Predators

Cubs can be killed by large predators like wolves or mountain lions. Most adult black bears that are killed are done so because of encounters with humans; their deaths resulting from gunshots, trapping, motor vehicle accidents or other interactions with people.

Voice

Adult vocalizations vary from a loud growl when fighting, to a woof-woof to warn cubs of danger, to a whimper to call cubs. Cubs can produce shrill howls when lonely or frightened.

Reproduction and Life Cycle

Adult females establish their territories during the summer. Males have a home range of 15 miles or more, often overlapping the smaller ranges of several females. Mating season peaks from June to mid-July. Females normally give birth once every other year, but sometimes wait three or four years between pregnancies.

Pregnancy lasts about 220 days, which includes a delayed implantation. Fertilized eggs are not implanted in the uterus until fall; embryonic development occurs during the last 10 weeks of the pregnancy. Litters of two to three cubs (sometimes as little as one or as many as five or six) are born in January or February.

Cubs are born naked and blind and will remain in the den with their hibernating mother to nurse throughout the winter. Cubs are weaned at six to eight months old, but will remain and den with their mother during their second winter. American black bears can live 30 years or more.

Did You Know?

  • Black bears are the smallest, most common and most widely distributed of bears.
  • In winter, black bears dig out dens beneath fallen trees, in hollow logs or wherever there is shelter.
  • They are most active at dawn and dusk, but can sometimes be seen abroad during the day.
  • These bears are capable of climbing and swimming, and can run up to 30 miles per hour for short distances.
  • While their sense of sight is poor and hearing moderate, their sense of smell is excellent.

Sources and Additional Information

Tags:
Mammals Land Mammals Forests & Uplands